Atrophic colpitis, what is it? How to treat atrophic colpitis. Atrophic colpitis (age-related vaginitis): causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention Cytogram of colpitis what
(vaginitis) is an inflammatory process in the vagina due to infection, metabolic, endocrine disorders, and injuries. Signs of the disease include excessive leucorrhoea, itching, pain in the vagina and lower abdomen. The neglect of the inflammatory process in the vagina can lead to fusion of its walls, ascending infection and the development of inflammatory diseases of the uterus and appendages, erosion of the cervix and, as a consequence, ectopic pregnancy or infertility. The main diagnosis of colpitis includes colposcopy and bacteriological examination.
General information
(synonyms: nonspecific colpitis, vaginitis) is an infectious-inflammatory disease in which the vaginal mucosa is damaged by opportunistic microflora (staphylococcus, streptococcus, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, as well as fungi of the genus Candida, etc. ) It can occur in acute, subacute, and chronic (with relapses) forms. Colpitis often occurs in women of childbearing age, but can develop in old age and even childhood.
The development of the inflammatory process during colpitis is facilitated by reasons of both a general and local nature. Depending on the location of the initial source of infection, the following are distinguished:
- primary colpitis– immediately develops in the vagina
- secondary colpitis: ascending - when infection penetrates into the vagina from the vulva and descending - when the inflammatory process moves from the uterus.
There are also serous-purulent and diffuse vaginitis (colpitis). Clinical manifestations of serous-purulent vaginitis are very diverse: from minor inflammation of the vaginal mucosa to severe swelling and erosion of the mucous membrane with copious purulent discharge.
Causes of colpitis
Normally, the natural microflora of the vagina is represented mainly by lactic acid bacteria. The acidic reaction of the secretion protects the genitals from penetration and proliferation of foreign microorganisms. Factors that adversely affect the microflora, reduce the local immunity of the genital mucosa and the resistance of the body as a whole, provoke increased growth of opportunistic microorganisms and the development of inflammation.
Factors that increase the risk of developing nonspecific vaginitis include:
- acute and chronic diseases of internal organs, leading to a decrease in the body’s immune responses (including inflammatory processes in the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes);
- infections with sexual transmission (trichomoniasis, chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis);
- disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system (obesity, diabetes, ovarian hypofunction);
- excessive use of medications, including long courses of antibiotic treatment;
- allergic reactions to hygiene and contraceptive products (tampons, condoms, suppositories, etc.);
- chemical, mechanical or thermal injuries to the genital mucosa (during medical procedures: mini-abortion, med-abortion, insertion of intrauterine devices, douching, etc.);
- anatomical changes in the vagina (decreased tone and drooping of its walls, gaping of the genital slit);
- nutritional disorders and atrophic processes in the vaginal mucosa during vascular disorders and during menopause;
- failure to comply with personal hygiene rules.
In childhood, the development of colpitis is facilitated by: the penetration of infection into the vagina through the bloodstream (with sore throat, scarlet fever), allergic reactions of the body, as well as the entry of foreign objects into the vagina. Typically, inflammation is acute and associated with infectious diseases of the body as a whole. In old age, a decrease in hormonal levels leads to changes in the mucous membrane of the genitals, it becomes thinner, becomes dry, microtraumas and inflammation occur.
Symptoms of colpitis
Depending on the pathogen, the severity and severity of the disease, the symptoms of colpitis may vary. Acute nonspecific vaginitis is characterized by:
- discharge in large quantities (mucous, mucopurulent, sometimes bloody) with an unpleasant (sometimes foul) odor;
- itching and burning caused by the irritating effect of pathological discharge;
- swelling and redness of the mucous membranes of the vagina and external genitalia;
- pain in the lower abdomen and genitals (feeling of fullness, pressure);
- pain when urinating.
In the chronic course of vaginitis, pain is not expressed, and disturbances in general well-being are usually not observed. Patients note leucorrhoea, burning sensation and itching, ulceration of the genital mucosa. In chronic colpitis, there is a sluggish course with periodic exacerbations.
Colpitis can manifest itself in the form of vulvovaginitis, in which redness and irritation spreads to the external genitalia and the inner surface of the thighs and buttocks, often combined with cervicitis, urethritis, and pseudo-erosion of the cervix.
Due to unpleasant painful sensations, a woman’s sexual activity decreases and the desire for intimacy is suppressed. Also, swelling and soreness of the vaginal walls makes internal examination with the help of speculum impossible.
If similar symptoms appear, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist for examination and accurate diagnosis. Treatment of vaginitis at the initial stage is more effective and helps to avoid complications. In severe cases, inflammatory processes can affect the internal genital organs (uterus, appendages) and cause endometritis, cervical erosion, and lead to infertility.
Diagnosis of colpitis
Colpitis can be diagnosed by examining the vagina and cervix using mirrors. In acute vaginitis, the folds of the vaginal mucosa are loose, brightly colored, very thickened and swollen, covered with a coating of serous or purulent films. When touching and scraping the plaque, the vaginal walls are damaged and may bleed. In severe cases, erosion of the mucosal epithelium is observed. In the chronic course of colpitis, mucosal defects are less pronounced and the discharge is insignificant.
Prevention of vulvovaginitis in girls consists, first of all, of adequate hygiene procedures, general health measures, and treatment of foci of chronic infection. As a rule, with proper treatment, colpitis does not pose a serious threat to the patient’s health. However, ignoring colpitis, self-medication and non-compliance with preventive measures can seriously negatively affect a woman’s reproductive health.
Colpitis is an isolated inflammation of the vaginal mucosa in women, caused by various external or internal factors. Colpitis is also often called vaginitis. In addition, this pathology is often combined with inflammatory processes in neighboring anatomical areas. In particular, in some sources colpitis is identified with vulvovaginitis, which affects not only the mucous membrane of the vagina, but also the vulva.
Colpitis is considered one of the most common diseases in gynecological practice, and most women have encountered this problem at least once in their lives. Its prevalence is ubiquitous and covers all geographical areas and all countries of the world. Colpitis is considered not a dangerous disease, but if you seek medical help late or try to self-medicate, serious complications can occur.
Normal vaginal microflora
The normal microflora of the vagina is represented mainly by microorganisms that do not require oxygen for life ( so-called anaerobes), and to a lesser extent – by microorganisms that consume oxygen in the process of life ( aerobes). Together, these bacteria perform a number of functions necessary for the normal functioning of the organ. The vaginal microflora has three main functions:
- Enzymatic. This function consists of breaking down a number of foreign substances and converting them. This also includes maintaining the acidic pH characteristic of the vaginal cavity.
- Vitamin-forming. As a result of the vital activity of microbes, a number of vitamins are formed that are necessary for the vaginal mucosa. If there is an imbalance in the vaginal microflora, the mucous membrane begins to thin and bleed.
- Protective. This function is based on the mechanism of competitive suppression of foreign bacteria. Microbes brought in from outside will not be able to develop normally, as they will not have enough nutrients.
The microflora of the vagina during childbearing age is represented by:
- permanently inhabiting microorganisms;
- random microflora.
Permanently resident microorganisms
First of all, these microorganisms include the so-called Doderlein bacillus. This is a type of lactic acid bacteria that normally inhabits the vaginal mucosa. The ratio of these bacteria to other microorganisms in healthy patients is at least 95%. Their main function is to maintain an acidic environment ( due to the release of hydrogen ions during life processes) and competitive suppression of other microbes. In addition to normal competition, lactic acid bacteria can produce hydrogen peroxide and a number of other substances with antimicrobial properties in small quantities.Lactobacilli are dependent on the level of estrogen in the blood. Their number may vary slightly depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle or the onset of pregnancy. Doderlein's sticks do not pose a risk of developing colpitis under any circumstances, but, on the contrary, protect women from this disease.
Random microflora
Random microflora includes all other types of bacteria. According to various sources, normally up to 40 different types of microorganisms can be found in the vagina of a healthy woman. However, their total number is approximately 2 - 5% of all microorganisms living in the vagina.In addition to permanently inhabiting microorganisms, the following types of bacteria are most often found:
- Staphylococcus;
- Corynebacterium;
- Bacteroides–Prevotella;
- Micrococcus;
- Gardnerella vaginalis;
- Mycoplasma hominis.
Under normal conditions, the following factors influence the vaginal microflora:
- production of female sex hormones;
- rhythm of sexual life;
- pregnancy;
- abortion;
- use of antibiotics;
- some diagnostic and therapeutic procedures;
- taking hormonal medications;
- gynecological operations.
Causes of colpitis
As mentioned above, a number of different reasons can lead to the development of colpitis. Among them there are both internal factors, which represent disturbances in the functioning of the body, and external ones, which include injuries and infections. Ultimately, each of the reasons, one way or another, leads to an acute inflammatory process and an imbalance in the bacterial microflora of the vagina. The latter contributes to delaying recovery and requires especially careful treatment. Determining the causes of colpitis is important from several points of view. Firstly, it will help you choose the right treatment and eliminate the disease. Secondly, finding out the causes of colpitis often indicates the presence of sexually transmitted diseases that affect the entire reproductive system. Thus, it is possible to quickly stop the pathological process and avoid serious complications. Thirdly, infectious colpitis poses a risk of infection for all sexual partners of the patient, which indicates the need for preventive screening of potential patients.
From the point of view of development mechanisms, there are the following types of colpitis:
- mechanical damage to the vaginal mucosa;
- malnutrition of the mucous membrane;
- diseases of the endocrine system;
- long-term use of antibiotics;
- allergic reactions;
- failure to comply with personal hygiene rules;
- decreased immunity.
Sexually transmitted infections
There are a number of diseases, the predominant route of transmission of which is unprotected sexual contact. As a result, pathogenic microorganisms directly enter the vaginal mucosa from the infected mucous membrane of the sexual partner. Normally, our own normal microflora suppresses the growth of microbes. However, in case of weakened immunity, concomitant microtraumas or dysbacteriosis, an inflammatory process begins in the mucous membrane. In addition, some particularly pathogenic microorganisms can lead to the development of the disease even under normal conditions without associated complications.Colpitis can be caused by the following sexually transmitted diseases:
In each specific case, the causative agent of the disease enters the vaginal mucosa during unprotected sexual intercourse. Thus, limiting the number of sexual partners and using condoms plays a leading role in the prevention of this type of colpitis.
Mechanical damage to the vaginal mucosa
Mechanical damage is microtrauma of the mucous membrane, which can have various causes. The most common of these is uncomfortable conditions during sexual intercourse ( insufficient moisture, poor gliding). This causes the mucous membranes of the glans penis and vagina to become overly stretched and torn. A similar mechanism for the appearance of microtraumas can be observed when foreign objects or medical instruments are inserted into the vagina during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The end result is a violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane. Normally, it is an impenetrable barrier for most microbes and prevents them from developing in the thickness of the walls. When microtraumas occur, bacteria find themselves in more favorable conditions - in the thickness of tissues, so they begin to multiply faster, disrupting the normal balance of microflora. In such cases, it is not necessary to introduce microbes from the outside. Opportunistic microbes that were harmless to healthy mucous membranes easily cause serious inflammation when they penetrate deep tissue.Malnutrition of the mucous membrane
As mentioned above, a normal vaginal mucosa is the best defense against most pathogenic microbes. However, its integrity can be compromised not only as a result of microtrauma during sexual intercourse, but also due to some internal factors. These include, for example, impaired blood supply. As you know, oxygen and all the necessary nutrients enter the tissues with blood. If there is insufficient blood supply to the tissue of the vaginal wall, the mucous membrane simply becomes thinner and weakens, which increases the risk of microtrauma. In addition, the work of mucous cells is disrupted. They stop producing normal physiological secretions, which can change the pH in the vagina.Most often, colpitis due to malnutrition occurs after massive bleeding. For example, the risk of such situations increases in the postpartum period among young mothers. Compression or thrombosis of the arteries supplying the vaginal walls is extremely rare.
Nutritional disorders can also include a lack of certain vitamins that are necessary to maintain the integrity of the mucous membranes. First of all, this is vitamin A. It is formed in the intestine when provitamins, the so-called free carotenoids, enter it. As a result of biotransformations, carotene from food is converted into vitamin A, necessary for the mucous membranes of the body. With its deficiency, women have a tendency to both colpitis and inflammation of other mucous membranes.
Hypovitaminosis A is observed with insufficient consumption of the following foods:
- carrot;
- spinach;
- tomatoes;
- legumes;
- melons;
- fruits.
Of course, hypovitaminosis requires a very long-term lack of these foods, which in practice is quite rare. However, this increases the risk of developing colpitis, especially in combination with other risk factors.
Endocrine system diseases
Some diseases of the endocrine system can seriously affect the condition of the vaginal mucosa. First of all, we are talking about female sex hormones - estrogens. They have a wide spectrum of action on various tissues in the body. One of the functions is the regulation of the glands in the vagina and the regular renewal of its mucous membrane. Estrogens are produced in the ovaries, so many diseases of this organ can lead to the development of colpitis.Most often, as a result of a decrease in estrogen levels, a special form of colpitis develops - atrophic colpitis. It has a number of characteristic differences from other forms of this disease. Other hormonal disorders affect the condition of the vaginal mucosa to a lesser extent, but diseases of the thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands can also predispose to inflammatory processes.
Long-term use of antibiotics
Long-term use of antibiotics can directly affect the state of the bacterial microflora of the vagina. Many antibacterial drugs have a fairly wide spectrum of action and, in addition to the main causative agent of the disease, also kill normal microorganisms. In case of intestinal dysbiosis, special medications are usually prescribed to restore the normal balance of bacteria. In this regard, much less attention is paid to the vaginal microflora. Preventive treatment along with antibiotics is usually not prescribed, but dysbiosis is diagnosed after the development of colpitis and the appearance of specific symptoms.Thus, an increased risk of developing colpitis may be observed after pneumonia, tuberculosis and other severe infectious diseases that are treated with a long course of antibiotic therapy. Dysbacteriosis caused by antibiotics is especially dangerous if taken uncontrolled. Self-medication with antibiotics, unfortunately, is quite common. At the same time, only a competent specialist can choose the right drug, its dose and regimen. Self-medication with antibiotics in women often results in prolonged colpitis, which is difficult to respond to treatment. The problem is that only some of the bacteria sensitive to the antibiotic died. The remaining microbes became resistant to the drugs they encountered. It is these microorganisms that begin to grow rapidly in the absence of competitors, causing an inflammatory process. It is very difficult to treat such patients, since the causative agents of the disease are often resistant to the most common antibiotics.
Allergic reactions
Colpitis can also result from a local allergic reaction. This is explained by the patient’s individual intolerance to certain chemical compounds. First of all, we are talking about those complex chemicals that come into direct contact with the vaginal mucosa. Often the cause of inflammation is condoms, lubricants, medicinal ointments and suppositories.The mechanism of development of allergic colpitis comes down to the work of the cells of the local immune system. Once on these cells, the allergen ( allergy-provoking substance) starts a chain of biochemical reactions. The body begins to fight the introduction of foreign material. From a clinical point of view, this is manifested by acute intense inflammation of the vaginal mucosa. Such colpitis usually responds well to treatment, and to prevent it it is only necessary to limit the body’s contact with the allergen.
Failure to comply with personal hygiene rules
Unfortunately, even in modern developed society there are often cases of banal non-compliance with the simplest rules of personal hygiene. For the genitals, they involve regular rinsing of the mucous membranes with warm boiled water. If this simple procedure is not carried out, over time, plaque from the remains of urine, semen and bloody discharge after menstruation accumulates on the vaginal mucosa. It is an extremely favorable environment for the development of pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the balance in the vaginal microflora is disrupted.In addition, the accumulation of organic substances leads to a banal process of decay. This weakens the mucous membrane, it becomes thinner and becomes more sensitive to mechanical stress. In particular, we are talking about the early appearance of microtraumas with the development of the infectious process. Without observing basic rules of personal hygiene, treatment of colpitis with antibiotics can take a very long time, without bringing a noticeable effect.
Decreased immunity
Weakening of general immunity rarely becomes a direct cause of the development of colpitis, but is a serious factor predisposing to the appearance of this disease. The immune system in healthy people is responsible for recognizing infection and timely destroying pathogenic microbes. It is a protection no less reliable than the vaginal mucosa itself.With some diseases, the immune system may be weakened. The result is easier reproduction of opportunistic and pathogenic microbes. Their growth is not limited by antibodies circulating in the blood. Without strengthening the general immune system, treatment of colpitis also rarely gives good results.
Reasons for a weakened immune system may include:
- severe infectious diseases;
- lack of vitamins and minerals in food;
- some oncological diseases of the blood and hematopoietic system;
- bone marrow transplantation;
- long-term treatment with antibiotics;
- long-term treatment with corticosteroid drugs.
Symptoms of colpitis
The intensity and nature of symptoms during colpitis may vary. This is largely determined by the duration of the disease and the reasons that led to its appearance. Regardless of the clinical form of colpitis, symptoms are usually local. Such general manifestations of the disease as increased body temperature, muscle pain or headaches are rarely observed, mainly with purulent forms of colpitis. Often there are asymptomatic or mild forms, when the patient has almost nothing to worry about, so she puts off going to the doctor. The most common symptoms of colpitis are:
- smell;
- moderate pain or discomfort;
- symptoms of specific complications.
Vaginal discharge
Vaginal discharge during colpitis can be observed in any phase of the menstrual cycle and rarely depends on it. The nature of the discharge may vary depending on the cause of the disease. Light or milky discharge may be normal. Bacterial colpitis caused by opportunistic microorganisms is characterized by abundant, homogeneous discharge that may contain gas bubbles. For candidiasis ( fungal infection) the discharge usually contains flakes, and the color and consistency are cheesy. A characteristic sign of trichomoniasis is a dirty green discharge, sometimes foamy. The duration of discharge can vary from several days to several years.Smell
The smell can also be different depending on which bacteria led to the development of colpitis. The mechanism of its appearance is quite simple. Pathogenic microbes in the process of their life decompose a number of chemicals ( mostly sugars and proteins), releasing gaseous substances. It is these substances that cause the appearance of the characteristic odor. It can be different - from the smell of “rotten fish” to a sweetish one, indicating an intensive process of decay. With candidiasis, the odor is usually absent, but with bacterial infections it is most pronounced during periods of heavy discharge.Moderate pain or discomfort
Severe pain with colpitis is rare. Most often, patients complain of a burning sensation that intensifies when urinating. It appears due to irritation of the inflamed vaginal walls by toxic substances contained in the urine. The pain syndrome will be even more pronounced during sexual intercourse.Discomfort is most often characterized by severe itching in the groin area or a feeling of heaviness in the lower abdomen. Direct pain is more typical for bacterial colpitis and colpitis that develops after injury to the vaginal mucosa.
Symptoms of specific complications
Colpitis usually does not pose a serious health risk, since specific complications are rare. A threat may arise if medical care is not provided in a timely manner. Then the infection begins to spread up the birth canal, successively affecting the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. This, in turn, can lead to symptoms such as irregularities in the menstrual cycle, cessation of menstruation ( amenorrhea), difficulties conceiving a child, severe pain in the lower abdomen. With severe and deep damage to the mucous membrane, short and minor bleeding from the vagina may be observed.Types of colpitis
Depending on the reasons that led to the development of colpitis, several forms of this disease are distinguished. Each of them is characterized by certain clinical manifestations and requires an individual approach to treatment. In addition, depending on the form of the disease, the doctor can make predictions for the future regarding the timing of recovery and the likelihood of complications. The following types of colpitis are distinguished:
- candidal colpitis;
- atrophic colpitis;
- Trichomonas colpitis.
Candidiasis colpitis
Candidiasis colpitis ( yeast colpitis, thrush) is a specific inflammation of the vaginal mucosa caused by a fungus from the genus Candida. These fungi are opportunistic microorganisms and can be found not only in the vaginal cavity, but also on the oral mucosa or in the large intestine. Thus, infection can occur after an episode of oral or anal sex, in the presence of additional risk factors ( dysbacteriosis, weakened immunity).Often the cause of the development of candidal colpitis is a course of antibiotic therapy. The fact is that fungi are not sensitive to antibacterial drugs, so antibiotics do not affect their growth and reproduction. The course of treatment reduces the bacterial population ( both lactic acid and opportunistic) in the vagina, which becomes an impetus for the intensive development of fungi. Also, candidal colpitis is often observed in pregnant women, especially in the third trimester.
Diagnosis and treatment of this type of colpitis is usually not difficult due to the characteristic symptoms and simple microbiological confirmation of the diagnosis. Treatment comes down to the use of antifungal drugs that will reduce the population of the causative agent of colpitis.
Atrophic colpitis
Atrophic colpitis or atrophic vaginitis is an inflammatory process in the vaginal mucosa caused by a serious decrease in estrogen content ( female sex hormones).For reasons of occurrence, atrophic colpitis is divided into three main types:
- postmenopausal ( in older women);
- in patients with artificial menopause ( who have had their ovaries or uterus removed);
- colpitis while taking certain medications.
Clinically, atrophic colpitis is manifested by dryness, itching, burning in the vagina and painful sensations during sexual intercourse. All these manifestations usually appear 5 to 6 years after the onset of natural menopause ( in old age). Similar symptoms can be observed during artificial menopause.
Diagnosis of atrophic colpitis is based on data on the onset of menopause, patient complaints, determination of vaginal pH, colposcopy and microbiological examination.
Trichomonas colpitis
Trichomonas colpitis is one of the most common forms of this disease. The infection is caused by the microorganism Trichomonas vaginalis or ( less often) other types of Trichomonas. Infection most often occurs through unprotected sexual intercourse, but the possibility of infection through household items cannot be ruled out. When Trichomonas enters the vaginal cavity, it begins to actively multiply, affecting the cells of the mucous membrane. This quickly leads to the formation of a characteristic plaque and the appearance of discharge. If you seek medical help late, the infection may become chronic. Then the disease will proceed with periods of exacerbations and remissions ( subsiding of symptoms), difficult to treat. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis usually does not present serious difficulties. The main risk is associated with the spread of infection to other organs of the reproductive system, and the most severe consequence of trichomoniasis is infertility.Diagnosis of colpitis
In the vast majority of cases, diagnosing colpitis does not present any particular difficulties. The first suspicion of this disease may appear to the doctor after getting acquainted with the patient’s complaints, and to detect the inflammatory process it is enough to conduct an ordinary gynecological examination. The problem is that for a full diagnosis it is important not only to detect the inflammation itself, but also to establish its causes. Colpitis often occurs in combination with other gynecological diseases and may be the result of disturbances in the functioning of other organs and systems. Thus, the task of a doctor examining a patient with colpitis becomes somewhat more complicated. The main tasks in formulating a diagnosis are:
- determining the boundaries of the inflammatory process;
- detection of concomitant inflammatory processes in other organs of the reproductive system ( cervix, uterus, uterine appendages);
- determination of the causative agent of the disease in the case of infectious colpitis;
- analysis of dysbiosis that accompanies colpitis;
- determination of the resistance of microbes that cause colpitis to various antibiotics;
- checking hormonal levels ( blood estrogen levels);
- determining the nature of structural changes in the mucous membrane, if any;
- detection of chronic diseases and determination of their influence on the appearance of colpitis.
To collect information for colpitis, the following diagnostic procedures are used:
- standard gynecological examination;
- colposcopy;
- rectal examination;
- cytological analysis;
- bacteriological analysis;
- aminotest;
- general blood test and biochemical blood test;
- general urinalysis and biochemical urine analysis;
- blood test for hormones.
Standard gynecological examination
A routine examination at a gynecologist’s appointment involves visual familiarization with the symptoms of the disease. To detect the inflammatory process or other pathologies in the vaginal cavity, special gynecological speculums are used. This is the name of a medical instrument that helps to expand the walls of the vagina and make its cavity more convenient for examination. Usually this procedure is painless and causes only mild discomfort, but for patients with colpitis it can cause pain.The problem is that the inflamed vaginal mucosa itself causes pain. In contact with medical instruments ( in particular, with a gynecological speculum) the pain intensifies. In rare cases, for gynecological examinations in such patients it is necessary to use painkillers.
For a more complete collection of information, it is not recommended to remove discharge or plaque from the walls of the vagina before going to the gynecologist. This may cause an incomplete picture of the disease and lead to errors in diagnosis. Also, you should not wash yourself before undergoing bacteriological and cytological analysis. Discharges and plaques are usually waste products of the vaginal microflora and carry valuable diagnostic information.
Colposcopy
Colposcopy is an alternative to a standard gynecological examination. The difference is that during a colposcopy, the doctor uses a special technique to examine the vaginal cavity. Ordinary colposcopes are binocular magnifiers with a source of directional light. This helps to examine the surface of the vaginal walls in more detail and more thoroughly understand the nature of the damage.More modern models of colposcopes are equipped with a special video camera, which is inserted into the vaginal cavity. This procedure is less painful for patients and more informative for the doctor. Usually, colposcopy is enough to diagnose colpitis, and doctors stop at this stage. Other studies are prescribed only in cases where the specialist does not understand the reasons for the development of inflammation.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound ( ultrasonography) of the small pelvis is required only for those patients who have signs of inflammation outside the vaginal cavity or experience any complications of colpitis. Most often they look for signs of inflammation of the uterus or ovaries. In particular, an ovarian cyst can cause hormonal imbalance, which will affect the condition of the vaginal mucosa.Of the complications of colpitis that are diagnosed using ultrasound, first of all, pathological fistulas and abscesses should be noted. Fistulas form in patients with advanced chronic colpitis. The inflammatory process in such cases lasts for years, leading to the formation of deep defects in the vaginal wall. A fistula is an abnormal connection of the vagina with another hollow organ ( usually the rectum). It requires surgical treatment to close the lumen. Ultrasound helps determine exactly whether the fistula is connected to another organ or is a blind protrusion of the wall.
Abscesses in the vaginal wall can form due to the proliferation of specific pyogenic bacteria. They are localized in the submucosa of the organ or in the tissue of the vaginal glands. In most cases, we are talking about the Bartholin gland, located in the vestibule of the vagina. An ultrasound shows the size of the cavity with pus and its exact location. This provides the surgeon with information for successful surgical treatment.
Depending on the localization of pathological processes, the following ultrasound options may be prescribed:
- Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity to assess the functioning of internal organs;
- Ultrasound of the pelvis to detect pathological processes in this area ( endometritis, ovarian cysts, neoplasms, etc.);
- Ultrasound through the vaginal cavity, in which the sensor will be inserted directly into the vagina to obtain a clearer picture;
- Ultrasound through the rectal cavity.
Rectal examination
A rectal examination is a digital or visual examination of the rectum. This examination is recommended for all patients with colpitis. In this case, the doctor will look for pathological holes ( fistulas, which were mentioned above) or signs of neoplasms.The following methods are used to examine the rectal cavity:
- Finger examination. In this case, the doctor inserts the index finger into the rectum, carefully palpating the walls of the organ. This examination may reveal lumps or abscesses in the intestinal wall. This will provide indirect information about the possible causes of colpitis.
- Colonoscopy. Colonoscopy involves inserting a special camera attached to a flexible cable into the rectum. This allows you to carefully examine the walls of not only the rectum, but also the upper parts of the large intestine.
- Sigmoidoscopy. Sigmoidoscopy involves inserting a sigmoidoscope into the rectum - a hollow metal tube that facilitates examination of the walls of the organ.
Cytological analysis
Cytological analysis is a study of cellular composition. To do this, the doctor takes a smear from the vagina or a scraping from the vaginal wall during a gynecological examination. During examination under a microscope, the nature of the pathological process can be determined by characteristic changes in the cells. Cytological analysis is carried out mainly for atrophic colpitis or concomitant pathology of the cervix.Bacteriological analysis
Bacteriological analysis is aimed at identifying microorganisms in the vaginal cavity. To carry it out, a special smear is taken. If there is vaginal discharge, it can also become material for bacteriological analysis. Taking a smear or sample of discharge is a completely painless procedure and lasts only a few minutes. Typically, the doctor will try to take several swabs from different areas. This eliminates the possibility of missing focal inflammation ( inflammation involving only a small surface of the vaginal wall).The material obtained from the patient can be examined in various ways:
- Bacterioscopy. This analysis involves staining the bacteria with special dyes and examining them under a microscope. An experienced doctor can determine their type by the shape and color of microorganisms and make a conclusion about the cause of inflammation. Usually, this is an opportunistic microorganism that has multiplied due to an imbalance of the microflora.
- Cultural examination. Culture research is the inoculation of microbes on nutrient media that stimulate their growth. Over time ( usually 12 – 48 hours) characteristic colonies appear on the nutrient medium. Based on their shape, an experienced doctor can also tell which specific microorganism formed them. This analysis takes a little longer, but it allows you to obtain the bacteria that cause the disease in its pure form.
- Antibioticogram. Antibioticogram is a study of the sensitivity of microorganisms to various antimicrobial drugs. To carry it out, it is necessary to isolate a pure culture of the pathogen. This analysis provides the most important information necessary for prescribing antibacterial therapy. A similar study is carried out in the case of colpitis of fungal origin. Obtaining the results of an antibiogram can take several days, so it is not prescribed to all patients. This analysis is indicated only for women with chronic colpitis, which cannot be treated with standard antibiotics and require individual selection of drugs.
Aminotest
Aminotest is a method for the rapid detection of bacterial colpitis. It is based on the determination of a specific odor that appears as a result of the activity of most pathogenic microbes. To conduct an amino test, the doctor takes a scraping from the back wall of the vagina and, in the laboratory, adds potassium hydroxide to the resulting sample ( CON). The test is considered positive if the resulting mixture emits a distinct smell of rotten fish. This test can be performed by dropping the above solution on a speculum after a standard examination. This method does not give a 100% correct result, since some opportunistic microorganisms ( for example, gardnerella) will give a false negative result.General and biochemical analysis of blood and urine
Blood and urine testing is a standard procedure for most patients with gynecological diseases. Based on the results of these studies, the doctor makes a conclusion about the physiological ( normal) and pathological processes in the body and the work of various organs and systems. This is necessary to detect any concomitant diseases and disorders. Detection of chronic pathologies requires a more careful approach to treatment, since they are contraindications to the prescription of a number of drugs.Regarding the diagnosis of colpitis, a general and biochemical blood test can determine the intensity of the inflammatory process. This is usually manifested by an increase in the level of leukocytes and a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left ( the appearance of immature forms of leukocytes in the blood), increased ESR ( erythrocyte sedimentation rate), the appearance of C-reactive protein in the blood. It should be noted that you cannot rely solely on the results of a blood test. The above changes appear only with severe inflammation. Sluggish colpitis with scant symptoms may not cause an increase in leukocytes or ESR.
Blood test for hormones
As noted above, atrophic colpitis can be a consequence of a lack of estrogen in a woman’s body. In these cases, hormonal drugs are prescribed as the main treatment. To accurately select the dose, the doctor needs to know how low the level of sex hormones is. It is for this purpose that the patient may be prescribed a blood test. Depending on your specific situation, this may require temporary cessation of combined oral contraceptives ( if the patient takes them). In each individual case, you should consult a gynecologist or endocrinologist about this.Treatment of colpitis
Treatment of colpitis of any origin should be comprehensive, that is, include both local and general therapy. The emphasis in it is not only on eliminating the symptoms of the disease, but also, mainly, on fighting the infection that caused the pathology. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to eliminating concomitant diseases and increasing immunity ( to prevent exacerbations).Timely diagnosis plays a particularly important role in the treatment of colpitis, because the sooner treatment of the disease begins, the greater the likelihood of a quick recovery. Accurate determination of the microbe that causes the disease, its sensitivity to antibiotics or identification of other forms of colpitis will help prevent the occurrence of relapses and complications, as well as the transition of the acute form of colpitis to the chronic one.
The general principles of treatment of colpitis are:
- etiotropic therapy;
- treatment of the patient's sexual partners;
- restoration of normal vaginal microflora;
- treatment of concomitant diseases;
- diet;
- the use of physiotherapy;
- traditional methods of treatment.
Etiotropic therapy
Etiotropic therapy is a treatment method aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease. In the treatment of colpitis, etiotropic therapy is the basic method. Treatment is carried out using antibacterial, antiviral or antifungal drugs, depending on which microorganisms caused the disease. In some cases, combination drugs are used.As mentioned above, colpitis is divided into two types - specific and nonspecific. Depending on the type of colpitis, appropriate treatment is prescribed. Treatment of nonspecific colpitis is carried out using combination drugs with an effect aimed at eliminating bacterial and fungal infections. The main place is given to broad-spectrum drugs.
Local etiotropic treatment consists of toileting the external genitalia and douching the vagina with various antiseptic solutions ( potassium permanganate, furacilin, chlorhexidine). Vaginal tampons soaked in galascorbine and sea buckthorn oil can also be used for local treatment. In the presence of anaerobic or mixed microflora, drugs such as metronidazole, betadine, dalacin can be prescribed, and in case of fungal etiology - diflucan, clotrimazole, terzhinan.
Treatment of specific colpitis is carried out depending on the causative agent of the disease:
- for colpitis with fungal etiology ( most often, Candida) prescribe antifungal drugs;
- if colpitis is caused by a bacterial infection ( for example, gonococcus), antibacterial drugs are prescribed;
- for colpitis caused by Trichomonas, metronidazole is prescribed, a drug that has a strong antimicrobial effect. However, metronidazole is contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy. If necessary, metronidazole can be used in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, but with caution, as the drug crosses the placental barrier and can potentially harm the baby.
Drugs most often used in the treatment of colpitis
| A drug | Release form | Dose | Reception mode | Duration of treatment |
| Nystatin | vaginal suppositories | 500,000 units | 2 times a day | 10 -14 days |
| Ketoconazole | cream | 200 mg | 1 per day | 5 days |
| Fluconazole (Diflucan) | pills | 150 mg | 1 per day | 1 day |
| Metronidazole | pills | 250 mg | 3 times a day | 7 - 10 days |
| Cephalexin | capsules | 500 mg | 4 times a day | 7 days |
| Ampicillin, tetracycline | pills | 2 g | 1 per day | 7 days |
| Metronidazole | vaginal tablets | 500 mg | 1 per day | 7 – 10 days |
Antibiotic therapy is recommended to be used after an antibiogram - determining the sensitivity of identified microorganisms to antibiotics. Carrying out an antibiogram is very important, since incorrectly prescribed treatment, firstly, is not effective, and secondly, it can lead to changes in the normal microflora of the vagina.
Treatment of sexual partners
Colpitis is often caused by sexually transmitted infections. In this case, it is advisable to treat both sexual partners at the same time. This is done to avoid re-infection and relapse of the disease. In most cases, with colpitis, the patient’s condition allows for sex, so there is a risk that the partner will introduce a new portion of pathogenic bacteria to the mucous membrane during unprotected sexual intercourse. For these reasons, after diagnosis, during treatment and until completion of the course of treatment, it is necessary to abstain from sexual intercourse. Continuation of an active sexual life is often recommended only after a control analysis, which is carried out simultaneously in both partners.Restoration of normal vaginal microflora
It is worth considering that long-term use of antibacterial drugs negatively affects the vaginal microflora. Therefore, after a course of treatment, it is necessary to restore normal biocenosis ( microflora composition) vagina. This is done with the help of special preparations – eubiotics. They are a portion of normal lactic acid bacteria that inhabit the vaginal mucosa. With their intake, normal vaginal acidity is restored, and the proliferation of pathogenic microbes stops.The most common eubiotics in gynecological practice are:
- Vagilak;
- lactobacterin;
- biovestin.
Treatment of concomitant diseases
Also, concomitant diseases should be treated at the same time and the influence of predisposing factors should be eliminated or reduced. Thus, in the presence of ovarian hypofunction, it is necessary to correct their activity, that is, to regulate the deficiency or excess of sex hormones in the body. If the patient has serious chronic diseases that affect metabolism in general ( thyroid diseases, diabetes mellitus, etc.), it is necessary to achieve stable remission of the disease. This will allow you to fully carry out the course of treatment without fear of complications from other organs and systems. In particular, with bacterial colpitis, diabetes mellitus can contribute to the spread of infection and inhibit the restoration of the mucous membrane. If you take insulin correctly and regularly adjust your blood sugar levels, recovery will come faster.Diet
Following a diet is necessary to strengthen the general condition of the body, the immune system, and the speedy restoration of damaged tissues. For colpitis, diet is not a mandatory item in complex treatment, so it comes down to some general recommendations.- dairy products;
- products containing polyunsaturated acids ( fish oil, shrimp, cod, tuna);
- foods containing large amounts of fiber ( vegetables and fruits, grains);
- foods rich in vitamins B, E, A, C and minerals.
Application of physiotherapy
Physiotherapeutic methods of treatment are not very popular in the treatment of colpitis, but in the chronic course of the disease they can seriously help. Most of them are painless and have almost no contraindications. On average, to complement the antibacterial treatment of colpitis, a course of 3–5 sessions is prescribed ( depending on the intensity of symptoms).Physiotherapeutic methods of treating colpitis have the following goals:
- reduction of bacterial or fungal intoxication;
- relief of inflammation;
- relief of itching;
- stimulation of local immunity.
- FUV irradiation ( short wave ultraviolet irradiation) vaginal mucosa;
- half-baths with potassium permanganate, which is a strong oxidizing agent, sanitizing infected areas and having a disinfectant effect;
- zinc electrophoresis – zinc ions cause the destruction of fungal mycelium.
To increase immunity and reactivity of the body, the following methods of stimulating immunity are used:
- heliotherapy;
- air baths;
- thalassotherapy;
- LOK ( laser blood irradiation);
- SUV irradiation ( mid-wave ultraviolet irradiation).
Traditional methods of treatment
Considering the fact that in most cases colpitis is a moderate nonspecific inflammation of the mucous membrane, many patients successfully use folk remedies for treatment. Most of them are based on the effects of various medicinal plants. For a more effective combination of traditional and alternative medicine, it is recommended to warn the attending physician about the folk remedies used. This should also be done when a woman has been unsuccessfully treated with herbs in the past. Some folk remedies may affect the therapeutic effect of medications, which should be taken into account by the doctor when prescribing a course of treatment. Typically, specialists do not insist on the mandatory abolition of herbal treatment, but, on the contrary, give valuable instructions regarding the regimen for taking the medications.Folk remedies used in the treatment of colpitis
| Means | Cooking recommendations | Therapeutic effect | Reception mode |
| Calendula infusion | 1 teaspoon of pharmaceutical two percent infusion of calendula is diluted in 1 glass of warm water. | It has a disinfecting effect, especially effective for trichomonas colpitis. | Douching is carried out 1 – 2 times a day. |
| Sea buckthorn oil | Soak ordinary cotton swabs in oil and gently squeeze them out. | Helps restore damaged epithelium. With the permission of the attending physician, it can be used in the treatment of not only bacterial, but also atrophic colpitis. | Installation of tampons is carried out 1 - 2 times a day for 10 - 15 minutes. The course of treatment is continued for 10–14 days, after which, as a rule, epithelization of the damaged areas occurs. |
| Mumiyo | 4–5 grams of the substance are dissolved in 1 glass of warm boiled water. An ordinary cotton swab is moistened in the resulting solution. | Improves local metabolism in the vaginal mucosa and has a weak antimicrobial effect. | Tampon installations can be carried out 1 – 3 times a day ( preferably in the evening, before bed). The duration of treatment is usually several weeks, depending on the severity of the disease. |
| Eucalyptus | In 1 glass of warm boiled water, dilute 1 teaspoon of ready-made pharmacy tincture. | It has a moderate anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and nourishing effect on the vaginal mucosa. | The solution is used for douching several times a day. The duration of the course of treatment is discussed with the attending physician. |
| St. John's wort | To prepare the infusion, add 2 tablespoons of dry herb to 1 liter of boiling water. The mixture is boiled for 10 minutes over low heat and infused for another half hour. | St. John's wort has a pronounced antimicrobial effect, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. | The decoction is used for douching several times a day ( 2 – 3 times). At the same time, regularity of procedures is important. Douching is carried out until there is a visible improvement in the general condition. |
| mistletoe | For 1 liter of boiling water you need 4 - 5 tablespoons of dry herbs. | Mistletoe improves the regeneration of damaged epithelium and improves tissue nutrition. | The course of treatment lasts from several days to several weeks, depending on the severity of the disease. Douching is done several times a day. |
Some features of the treatment of colpitis in pregnant women. Treatment should be carried out strictly under the supervision of a physician. The difficulty is that many methods that are very effective are simply unacceptable for the body of a pregnant woman and can harm the child in the womb. At the same time, some medications that are harmless for pregnant women do not have the desired effect.
Drugs that are used to treat colpitis during pregnancy can be divided into two groups:
- Drugs that can be used in the first trimester. These are nystatin, pimafucin, terzhinan, vagotil, hexicon.
- Drugs that can be used in the second and third trimester. These are metronidazole, meratin combi, clotrimazole.
Prevention of colpitis
Specific prevention of colpitis ( vaccines) does not exist, since this disease can be caused by many different reasons. Nonspecific prevention includes a number of measures that significantly reduce the risk of developing colpitis. - regular visits to the gynecologist;
- compliance with personal hygiene rules;
- treatment with antibiotics only as prescribed by a doctor;
- consult a doctor at the first signs of colpitis;
- strengthening general immunity.
Regular visits to the gynecologist
The best way to prevent colpitis is to regularly visit a gynecologist for a standard gynecological examination. This will help to promptly identify signs of any disturbances in the reproductive system. Elimination of these disorders can prevent the development of colpitis.Currently, it is believed that women of reproductive age should undergo a preventive gynecological examination at least once a year. In the case of pregnancy, in the postpartum period and during menopause, preventive examinations can be made more frequent, since at this age women are most predisposed to colpitis of various etiologies ( of various origins).
Maintaining personal hygiene rules
This item involves caring for the vaginal mucosa, regularly washing with warm water or using special disinfectants. You should pay special attention to the problem of introducing intestinal microflora into the vagina. Often these mistakes become the cause of the development of bacterial colpitis. The introduction of intestinal bacteria into the vagina can occur through improper use of toilet paper ( the movement should go from front to back, from the labia to the anus). This mechanism most often causes colpitis in girls. In women of reproductive age, E. coli can enter the vagina if traditional sexual intercourse took place immediately after anal sex. In general, to prevent colpitis, it is recommended to clean the vaginal mucosa after sexual intercourse ( unless we are talking about trying to conceive a child).Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene also means regularly changing underwear and caring for the skin in the groin folds. Otherwise, microbes that normally live on the surface of the skin can multiply and, once they enter the vaginal cavity, cause an inflammatory process.
Treatment with antibiotics only as prescribed by a doctor
As noted above, self-medication with antibiotics is the cause of dysbiosis in the vaginal cavity. The use of any antibacterial drugs must be agreed with a specialist. In this case, if necessary, medications will be prescribed that will support the normal microflora of the vagina. Patients who take antibiotics at their own risk do not take such drug prophylaxis, which increases the chances of developing colpitis.Seeing a doctor at the first signs of colpitis
From the general treatment regimen for colpitis, it can be understood that in the early stages the disease is much easier to treat. By and large, any type of colpitis sooner or later comes down to excessive proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. If you do not consult a doctor at the first symptoms, the inflammatory process can become chronic and lead to morphological changes in the mucous membrane. The consequence is a decrease in the elasticity of the vagina, decreased sensitivity, dryness, as well as the development of serious complications - fistulas and abscesses. In addition, the infection, without timely treatment, can quickly spread upward into the uterine cavity, leading to more serious problems with the reproductive system. For these reasons, you should consult a doctor at the first obvious signs of colpitis - the appearance of stable itching, nagging pain in the lower abdomen or vaginal discharge.Strengthening general immunity
Strengthening overall immunity involves adequate intake of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. A healthy diet along with avoiding alcohol and smoking contributes to the normal functioning of the immune system. In such patients, the body reacts more quickly to the ingress of any specific pathogenic organisms. The cells of the vaginal walls are more resistant to infection, which reduces the likelihood of developing colpitis.
Menopause is a difficult, inevitable period in the life of every woman. Changes in hormonal levels affect almost all organs and systems, and immune defense weakens. In a woman’s body, the likelihood of the occurrence and development of inflammatory processes associated with menopausal age-related transformations increases.
Colpitis (vaginitis) is an inflammatory disease that is associated with a violation of the vaginal microflora, caused by the thinning of the stratified epithelium under the influence of a decrease in estrogen hormones. Colpitis during menopause is called atrophic, senile or senile. After 6-8 years of menopause, every second patient suffers from colpitis. Over the next 10 years, the chances of this disease occurring increase and amount to 70-80% among the female population during the menopausal period.
Senile colpitis is characterized by inflammatory reactions in the vaginal mucosa (tunica mucosa) and has a pronounced symptom complex caused by the introduction and development of secondary pathogenic flora. Vaginal discharge becomes more abundant, sometimes with ichor (due to the thinning and increased vulnerability of the vaginal mucosa), with a strong fetid odor, and during intimate relations painful discomfort occurs, as well as burning and itching sensations. The urge to urinate becomes more frequent. Conducting a microscopic analysis and cytological examination of the discharge from the genitourinary organ confirms changes in the flora of the vagina, the addition of secondary microflora and the presence of changes in the acidity of the vaginal environment. In very rare cases, senile colpitis is asymptomatic.
ICD-10 code
N95.1 Menopause and menopause in women
N95.2 Postmenopausal atrophic vaginitis
Epidemiology
The reason that provokes the appearance and progression of senile colpitis is that the walls of the vagina are formed by stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium and with a decrease in the amount of estrogens in the bloodstream, thinning of the epithelial layer may occur, leading to a decrease in cells producing glycogen, which is the source of nutrition for lactobacilli.
The main metabolite of lactobacilli is lactic acid, which maintains a certain internal acidity of the vaginal environment. A decrease in glycogen polysaccharide provokes a decrease or almost complete extinction of lactobacilli strains. As a result, the acidity of the vagina decreases, and favorable conditions arise for the attachment and development of pathogenic microbes, causing a local inflammatory reaction in the mucous membrane.
Pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic flora provokes the development of bacterial prussic colpitis (viruses, certain types of bacteria and mycotic cultures).
Pathogens - Escherichia coli, streptococci, gardnerella, give impetus to the appearance of atypical senile colpitis with mixed infection. The difficulty in diagnosing atypical colpitis lies in differentiating the type and type of pathogen.
Among mycotic microorganisms, in most cases, colpitis during menopause is caused by fungi of the Candida family, which provoke the development of candidomycosis (thrush).
Viruses cause colpitis with accompanying symptoms and characteristic changes that determine the type of pathogen. For example, gonorrhea, ureaplasmosis, trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydia. Most often in this situation, the causative agents of colpitis are Trichomonas and cytomegalovirus.
Causes of colpitis during menopause
Factors that precede and create suitable conditions for the appearance of senile colpitis are: natural menopause, ovarian ablation, partial or complete hysterectomy (surgical excision of the uterus).
The main reason for the appearance of colpitis during menopause is the appearance of estrogen deficiency, which is accompanied by a decrease in the growth of the vaginal epithelium, a decrease in the secretory function of the vaginal glands, a reduction in the thickness of the mucosa, its dryness and quite severe damage.
Changes in vaginal microflora occur due to a significant decrease in glycogen, leading to a decrease in the number of lactobacilli and changes in pH, which helps stimulate the growth of opportunistic microorganisms and the invasion of external bacterial flora. Provoking factors that contribute to the addition of a secondary infection are sexual intercourse, failure to comply with hygiene rules, or home gynecological procedures (douching). In the presence of weakened immunity and extragenital diseases that have a chronic course, senile colpitis during menopause becomes recurrent and persistent.
Patients who have experienced early menopause, have a history of endocrinological diseases (diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease) or who have undergone oophorectomy are most likely to develop senile colpitis.
The reasons that provoke senile colpitis are as follows:
- Weakening of the immune system, as a result of which the body becomes more vulnerable and does not provide adequate resistance to the invasion of pathogenic bacteria from the outside;
- Long-term use of synthetic underwear, leading to the greenhouse effect and rapid proliferation of pathological microorganisms that cause inflammatory processes;
- Radiation therapy, which causes almost complete suppression of the immune system;
- A decrease or cessation of ovarian hormone production occurring due to premenopause, menopause, postmenopause, or after oophorectomy.
The risk group for developing atrophic colpitis during menopause includes patients with excess body weight, diabetes mellitus, HIV, and a promiscuous sex life.
Symptoms of colpitis during menopause
In a large number of cases, patients do not complain when atrophic colpitis occurs and progresses. It may have a sluggish course and virtually no severe symptoms until a certain period. Symptom complexes of senile colpitis are classified into subjective and identified by a gynecologist during an examination of the patient.
Subjective ones include:
Scanty, periodic leucorrhoea, itching and burning sensations when urinating or using soap for hygienic purposes, vaginal dryness, painful sexual intercourse and the appearance of sanguineous discharge after it. The presence of blood in vaginal discharge is associated with microtraumas that occur during intimacy. A slight violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane of the vagina and vulva is dangerous due to the imposition of a secondary infection and the occurrence of a pronounced inflammatory process.
During a gynecological examination, the doctor may state:
- Pronounced age-related changes in the vulva, vagina and its mucous membrane. The mucous membrane is pale with focal or total hyperemia and bleeding areas. Areas without epithelial tissue and loose adhesions may be visualized.
- The vagina becomes narrow with undefined arches. Its walls are thin and smooth without folding.
- The cervix is atrophic, the size of the uterine body is reduced, and age-related changes in the vulva are present.
- When a gynecologist takes a smear on the thinned and easily wounded vaginal mucosa, a bleeding area may appear.
- The diagnosis is made on the basis of gynecological examination and bacteriological analysis of vaginal discharge.
First signs
Atrophic colpitis during menopause develops 5-6 years after the natural cessation of the menstrual cycle. Initially, the pathology does not have clearly defined symptoms and can be practically asymptomatic. Patients report periodic vaginal discharge, burning, soreness, and irritation in the genital area, which intensifies during hygiene procedures using soap. Unpleasant sensations may become more intense after the act of emptying the bladder. Weakened tone of the Kegel muscles and bladder (vesica urinaria) cause frequent urge to urinate. Vaginal dryness leads to damage to the mucous membrane during sexual intercourse. Small bloody discharge appears. Microtraumas serve as “entry gates” for various types of infections that cause persistent inflammatory processes. Vaginal discharge with bloody spots is one of the initial manifestations of the disease. If the first manifestations or alarming symptoms of colpitis are detected during menopause, consultation with a specialist is necessary. You should not put off visiting a doctor for a long time due to the risk of developing a secondary infection, which will require long and complex treatment.
Complications and consequences
Failure to promptly seek medical help or prescribe adequate drug therapy for atrophic colpitis can lead to quite serious consequences for the female body and the development of aggressive infectious processes.
The following conditions are particularly dangerous and require long-term therapy:
- The transition from the acute stage of the disease to the chronic stage, which is difficult to treat, reduces a woman’s quality of life and periodically recurs.
- The ability of a pathogenic culture that has caused an inflammatory process to spread to parts of the urinary system and provoke the occurrence of ascending infectious processes (urethritis and cystitis).
- The risk of endometritis (inflammation of the uterine mucosa), parametritis (inflammation of the peri-uterine tissue), perisalpingitis (local inflammation of the peritoneum, blocking the fallopian tube), pyovar (inflammation of the ovary), general peritonitis.
It is possible that a woman with atrophic colpitis may become infected during menopause due to an incorrect invasive gynecological examination or minor surgical intervention with access through the vagina.
The sooner the problem is diagnosed and adequate treatment is prescribed, the less chance of life-threatening complications developing.
Diagnosis of colpitis during menopause
Methods that help diagnose colpitis during menopause include:
- Gynecological examination using speculum;
- Colposcopic method;
- Measurement of acid-base balance;
- Pap test and smear microscopy;
- Ultrasound diagnostics of the pelvic organs for the diagnosis of concomitant pathologies.
The doctor, conducting a visual examination using a special instrument (gynecological speculum), can state: thinning, surface smoothness and pallor of the vaginal mucosa, the presence of small eroded inflamed areas without epithelial cover that begin to bleed on contact, the presence of plaque (serous or serous-purulent), the presence of foci with pronounced inflammatory processes and swelling. If colpitis during menopause is chronic, recurrent or advanced, then the visual symptom complex of defects in the vaginal mucosa may not be clearly expressed, and the discharge is scanty and insignificant.
Colposcopy allows you to examine in more detail the affected areas of the vaginal mucosa, detect a shift in pH levels and determine, using the Schiller test, uneven or weakly colored areas of the mucosa without the presence of glycogen.
With a microscopic analysis of a smear, senile colpitis can be suspected if there is an increase in the level of leukocytes, a significant increase in epithelial cells, a sharp decrease in the content of vaginal lactobacilli and the possible presence of various opportunistic microorganisms.
Additionally, material is collected for cytological examination; a biopsy of questionable areas of the vaginal mucosa may be prescribed to exclude the development of malignant neoplasms, PCR and analysis of secretions to identify STDs and specific factors for the manifestation of colpitis.
Analyzes
To clarify and confirm diagnostic details, the following must be prescribed:
- Hormonal studies.
- Smears for microscopy and cytology.
- PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to detect STD pathogens (chlamydia, ureaplasma, gardnerella, trichomonas, herpes viruses and papillomas).
- Bacteriological study of vaginal microflora.
- Bacteriological analysis of vaginal flora to determine the type of pathogen present and its sensitivity to antibiotics.
- Cytological examination of a cervical smear.
- Bacteriological examination of urine.
- ELISA blood test (chlamydia, mycoplasma, herpes, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis, etc.).
- General blood and urine analysis.
- Blood test for HIV and Wasserman reaction.
Instrumental diagnostics
To confirm the diagnosis of colpitis during menopause, in addition to laboratory microscopic studies, various types of instrumental diagnostic procedures are widely used:
Ultrasound diagnostics pelvic organs (used to identify possible concomitant pathologies);
Colposcopy- this is an examination of the vulva, vaginal walls and cervix at significant magnification using the optical instrument of a colposcope. Carry out to detect mucosal defects and determine their nature.
Schiller test– method of colposcopic testing with chromodiagnostics. Areas of the vagina, with senile colpitis, with reduced glycogen production, will be weakly and unevenly colored.
Vaginal acidity analysis using test strips. If the disease is present, the index will fluctuate between values of 5.5 - 7 conventional units.
Cytological analysis smear Colpitis during menopause is characterized by a significant increase in the number of cells in the prebasal and basal layers.
Microscopic and bacteriological examination vaginal smear. In the drug, the titer of vaginal bacilli drops sharply, an increased number of leukocytes is observed, and the addition of opportunistic flora is possible.
Cystoscopy– therapeutic and diagnostic manipulation of the bladder, performed using a cystoscope. Recommended for diagnosing colpitis with associated secondary infection; it is used to determine the possible consequences of the introduction of a pathogen into the bladder according to the ascending type of spread;
Vaginal scraping and diagnosis using PCR.
Differential diagnosis
It is necessary to differentiate atrophic colpitis from a large group of infections and candidomycosis that are sexually transmitted.
Based on the volume and nature of vaginal discharge, the causative agent of the inflammatory process can presumably be diagnosed. The doctor makes the final verdict after receiving the results of a microscopic examination of a smear or bacterial culture.
Antibiotic therapy
Antibacterial drugs are prescribed to a patient with atrophic colpitis in accordance with the results of bacterioscopy of a vaginal smear and bacteriological culture of discharge.
The cultural method (bacteria culture) is the most accurate in identifying the pathogen that caused inflammation in the vagina. During the period of growth of colonies of microorganisms, an analysis of their sensitivity to antibacterial drugs is necessary. Such a study makes it possible to effectively eliminate the pathogens that cause the inflammatory process. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is usually recommended.
If the inflammatory process is caused by yeast-like fungi, antimycotic (antifungal) agents are used: Pimafucin, Mycozoral, Irunin, Futsis, Diflazon, etc. In the fight against candidal colpitis (vaginal thrush), medications for internal use (tablet forms of the drug) or locally (ointments, vaginal suppositories, creams).
Local treatment
For local treatment, the use of anti-inflammatory emulsions, ointments, creams, vaginal suppositories, baths, and vaginal douching is recommended. A positive aspect of local use of drugs is the effect of the active substance of the drug on the causative agent of infection directly at the site of inflammation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and the barrier function of the liver. Local use of drugs gives a good result if it is combined with drug therapy that eliminates the cause of atrophic changes in the vaginal walls.
For senile vaginitis, the vagina is irrigated with lactic acid, and then tampons with syntomycin emulsion or with oil solutions of estrogens (the drug Sinestrol) are introduced.
To improve the trophism of the vaginal mucosa, suppositories or cream containing estriol, as well as Ovestin, are recommended. At the beginning of treatment, suppositories with antiseptics, such as iodoxide, betadine, hexicon or terzhinan, are used. This local therapy lasts for 7-10 days. It is advisable to carry out all procedures at night.
Acylact suppositories help restore healthy vaginal microflora (1 suppository is administered at night for 10 days).
Warm sitz baths and douching using herbs that have an antiphlogistic effect (sage, calendula, elecampane) bring good results if a secondary infection has not joined the process of inflammation of the atrophied vaginal walls and contacting a gynecologist was timely.
Physiotherapy
Physiotherapeutic methods of treatment are used to treat colpitis during menopause and their complications. The doctor may prescribe UHF therapy or UV irradiation, the use of a laser beam, magnetic therapy, and mud sitz baths. The effect of physiotherapeutic procedures on the body helps to activate the healing of the vaginal mucosa.
General strengthening agents.
To stabilize the body's defenses, various vitamins, vitamin-mineral complexes and drugs that stimulate the immune system (for example, Aflubin) are used.
Diet
During treatment, the diet must be enriched with plant foods and lactic acid products. Salty, fatty, spicy, smoked delicacies are completely excluded.
Traditional treatment
Traditional healers offer a large number of remedies and methods for treating colpitis. But these methods should only be an addition to the main drug therapy. A doctor may recommend the use of herbs if the disease is at an early stage and is not complicated by a secondary infection. Folk remedies are good for the prevention of inflammatory processes during recurrent colpitis. When drawing up a treatment regimen, experts most often recommend using a decoction of one plant or a collection of herbs. Use herbal decoctions for douching, irrigation, and instillation. It is possible to insert tampons soaked in a decoction of herbs into the vagina for the purpose of disinfection and relief of the inflammatory process. For the treatment of colpitis of various etiologies, herbal decoctions and infusions that relieve inflammation, irritation and have an antibacterial effect on the affected areas of the mucosa are ideal.
For senile colpitis, make a herbal mixture of oregano (oregano herb), quercus bark (common oak), dried mallow root (marshmallow). These components are taken in equal proportions. Pour the mixture into 1 liter of clean boiling water and leave for 2-3 minutes, then strain through cheesecloth or a sieve. Use warm for gynecological douching twice a day.
A decoction of coughlegon leaves (coltsfoot). Take 50 g of crushed dry plant, pour 1 liter of boiling water, leave for an hour and strain. It is recommended to use the prepared infusion twice a day.
For douching, anti-inflammatory tampons possible preparing a herbal decoction. Mix in a separate container 25 g of peeled chamomile flowers, 10 g of dried wild mallow flowers, 10 g of dried oak bark, 15 g of dried sage leaves. Pour 2 tbsp. lie mixture of 1 liter of boiling water, let it brew and cool slightly. Then the broth must be filtered and it is ready for use.
For pain accompanying colpitis, it is recommended to take chamomile flowers and plantain leaves in equal proportions. 1 tbsp. pour a spoonful of the mixture into ½ liter of boiling water, leave for 1 hour, strain. Use during douching for the treatment of atrophic colpitis twice a day.
Camomile tea. At 2 tbsp. spoons of plant flowers use 1l. clean water. Boil for a quarter of an hour. Leave to cool, strain (it is best to use several layers of gauze) and use as a solution for douching, which is carried out twice a day, without skipping procedures. The duration of treatment is 14 days.
Instead of chamomile, you can use calendula flowers. The preparation of the infusion and the scheme of use are identical to those described above.
Another method recommended by traditional medicine doctors to relieve the pain symptoms of senile colpitis: make a mixture of chamomile flowers (Matricaria chamomilla) and wood mallow (Malva sylvestris), as well as sage leaves (Salvia officinalis), walnut leaves (uglans regia ), dried common oak bark (Quercus) in equal proportions. 2 tbsp. lie Add 1 liter of boiling water to the well-stirred mixture, cool and strain. Use for both douching and wetting vaginal tampons for the treatment of colpitis during menopause.
Homeopathy
Homeopathic doctors offer their methods for treating colpitis during menopause. For this, the following drugs are most often prescribed.
Echinacea compositum S. The homeopathic remedy stimulates the immune system, has an indirect antiviral and antimicrobial effect, has a detoxifying (removes toxins) and antiphlogistic effect on the body. Single dose - 1 ampoule. The drug can be administered from 1 to 3 per week by various injection methods: intravenously, subcutaneously, intravenously, if necessary, intravenously. In acute cases and in severe cases of the disease, the drug is used daily. One of the options for using the drug is oral administration (in the form of “drinking ampoules”).
Gynacoheel. Prescribed for various inflammatory diseases of the external and internal female genital organs: adnexitis, parametritis, myometritis, endometritis, colpitis, vulvitis, cervicitis. The presence of thyroid pathologies is not a contraindication to the use of the drug, but consultation with an endocrinologist is necessary. The homeopathic remedy is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to the venom of honey bees, wasps, hornets and bumblebees. The maximum single dose is no more than 10 drops. The drug is taken sublingually (under the tongue) or orally with 1 teaspoon or tablespoon of clean water, three times a day for 15-20 minutes. before meals or 1 hour after meals. In acute cases, take a single dosage every quarter of an hour, not exceeding a two-hour time interval. The treatment regimen and dosage of the drug are recommended by a homeopathic doctor.
In case of pathological processes of an inflammatory nature of a nonspecific etiology (adnexitis, oopharitis, salpingitis, colpitis, parametritis, endometritis, myometritis), which do not require more radical methods of treatment, monotherapy with the homeopathic drug Gynekoheel gives positive dynamics. It is advisable to combine its use with physiotherapeutic procedures. Considering the advanced stage of the inflammatory disease, the course of therapy can last from 3 weeks to 1 month, with rare exceptions up to 2-3 months. Treatment time is reduced if you use bicomponent therapy according to the standard regimen:
- Gynekoheel (10 drops twice a day, course of treatment up to 1.5 months) together with Traumeel S (1 tablet 2-3 times a day, standard course - 3 weeks or 1 amp. twice a week IM or p/ To).
- For recurrent senile colpitis with a significant amount of leucorrhoea and the absence of a pathogenic inflammatory agent, therapy with Agnus Cosmoplex S in combination with Gynekoheel (10 drops 2-3 times a day) is advisable. These homeopathic medicines enhance each other's anti-inflammatory properties.
Revitax vaginal suppositories. This is a drug that combines natural ingredients with healing, antiseptic, antiphlogistic and immunoactivating effects. They are used in gynecological practice to regenerate the affected vaginal mucosa. The active ingredient of vaginal suppositories is a natural polysaccharide - non-sulfonated glycosaminoglycan (hyaluronic acid). As the suppository dissolves, hyaluronic acid is evenly distributed over the surface of the vaginal mucosa and creates additional protection for the epithelial layer, stimulating the healing of tissue defects. Vaginal suppositories significantly reduce the inflammatory reaction of the vaginal walls (hyperemia, itching, irritation).
The drug can be used to prevent vaginitis after long-term therapy with corticosteroids or antibiotics. Candles are used to avoid infections when visiting swimming pools, saunas, baths or swimming in open, stagnant bodies of water. The use of Revitax is recommended for physiological predisposition to inflammatory reactions due to microtrauma of the vaginal mucosa after sexual intercourse. The use of suppositories is necessary during a prolonged absence of the opportunity to carry out hygienic manipulations (business trips, trips, trips, hikes).
For therapeutic purposes, Revitax vaginal suppositories are prescribed for the regeneration of affected areas of the vaginal mucosa due to inflammatory conditions in atrophic colpitis and the presence of cervical erosions.
Suppositories are used once during the day (preferably before bedtime). The suppository must be inserted into the vagina as deeply as possible. If the consistency of the candle is too soft for insertion, then it must be cooled for several minutes without removing it from the blister.
The duration of use is individual and determined according to indications. Typically, the drug is prescribed for at least 5 days.
Surgical treatment
A number of diseases that could arise and progress as a consequence of advanced colpitis are subject to surgical treatment. These include: pelvioperitonitis (not amenable to therapy within 4-6 hours), pyosalpinx, pyovar, tubo-ovarian saccular formation with the threat of perforation, perforation with the development of pelvio- and peritonitis, peritonitis. The emergence of gynecological diseases that can be treated surgically is caused by untimely contact with a specialist and neglect of the situation. The decision on surgical intervention regarding the emerging acute gynecological pathology is made by the doctor.
Prevention
The main goal of preventive measures comes down to regular observation by a gynecologist and timely detection of pathological processes. If necessary, a specialist will prescribe HRT after the onset of menopause. Hormonal drugs have a direct effect on the epithelial layer of the vagina, endometrium, and help prevent the development of osteoporosis and cardiovascular damage.
Measures to prevent atrophic colpitis include preventing early menopause, giving up bad habits (smoking, drinking alcohol-containing drinks), regular exercise, proper balanced nutrition, and preventing stressful situations. Activating immune reactions, carefully performing hygiene procedures for the intimate area, and wearing cotton underwear will significantly reduce the risk of senile colpitis.
Carrying out preventive measures, regular visits to the gynecologist, timely detection of pathological abnormalities, and compliance with hygiene rules minimize the risk of atrophic colpitis during menopause. Worries about hormonal changes and their consequences should begin after 35-40 years. If you identify and start HRT in time, then the unpleasant sensations associated with the occurrence of senile colpitis can be avoided.
Throughout their lives, people have to deal with a whole bunch of infections and diseases. A considerable part of them are diseases of the genitourinary system. For example, a disease such as colpitis, the causes of which are very different, occurs equally often in women of all ages.
Colpitis - what kind of disease?
Colpitis is inflammation of the vaginal mucosa. The second name is vaginitis. Every third woman on the planet suffers from this disease. The disease affects people of absolutely any age and even children.
Colpitis in women can be caused by opportunistic microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci, Proteus, E. coli, Trichomonas, chlamydia, Candida fungi and others that enter the body through sexual contact or through the rectum.
Vaginitis poses a health threat. It can cause inflammation in the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovary. The disease occurs in several forms.
Vaginitis: forms and types
Conventionally, the disease is divided into the following types:
- Bacterial colpitis. It can be specific and non-specific. The first type is caused by opportunistic bacteria that appear under certain conditions, and the second is when intestinal infections enter the vaginal mucosa.
- Non-infectious colpitis is the body's reaction to antibiotics. It could also be an allergy to underwear, ointments, creams, pads.
Vaginal colpitis develops:
- In acute form. It is characterized by copious discharge, which has an unpleasant odor and is accompanied by painful sensations.
- In the subacute form, there are no pronounced symptoms.
- In chronic form. This is an untreated acute form. Rarely causes discomfort. May cause ascending diseases of the uterus and appendages.
Causes of the disease
Colpitis appears in women due to a number of different reasons:
- Sexually transmitted diseases.
- Any infection that reduces the body's protective functions.
- Mechanical damage - abortion, childbirth.
- Hormonal disbalance.
- Antibiotic therapy.
- Allergy to ointments, creams, pads, underwear.
- Lack of personal hygiene.
- Bad habits.
Colpitis occurs most often among women of childbearing age, the causes of which lie in opportunistic flora. The causative agents of the disease are transmitted sexually. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully approach the choice of a partner. Or at least use a condom.
How to recognize the disease?
Timely diagnosis and treatment of vaginitis will save a woman from many problems in the future, including its consequences such as infertility.
Colpitis in women, symptoms:
- Mucous discharge that has an unpleasant odor. Sometimes the discharge takes on a cheesy appearance and resembles thrush.
- Itching, burning in the perineal area.
- The external genitalia have a slightly swollen, reddish appearance.
- Urination becomes painful.
- There is pain in the lower abdomen.
The disease may not always be accompanied by such symptoms. Subacute and chronic forms occur unnoticed and are detected only with a thorough gynecological examination. Therefore, visiting a gynecologist is a mandatory procedure that must be performed at least once a year.
Trichomonas colpitis in women
The disease is caused by an opportunistic bacterium - Trichomonas, which enters the healthy microflora only through sexual contact. The incubation period is one to two weeks, after which the first symptoms appear: mucous (foamy or curd-like) discharge, accompanied by itching and burning, as well as pain in the lower abdomen.
Both partners should be tested for the presence of Trichomonas. Since the disease is very often not accompanied by characteristic signs, it is advisable to carry out bacteriological culture of the vaginal microflora.
Treatment is prescribed for both women and men. It includes antimicrobial agents and topical agents (creams, suppositories, gels). Don't forget about immunostimulating drugs.
After a course of treatment, re-diagnosis is required.
Traditional and non-traditional treatment of colpitis
Regardless of what form of colpitis was diagnosed, the treatment of the disease looks the same and consists of the use of antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agents. It is also advisable to follow a light diet, excluding salty, spicy and sweet foods. Alcohol consumption is prohibited.
Folk remedies will help cure colpitis with great success. Of course, they are prescribed in combination with basic medications.
You can eliminate itching and burning with:
- Sea buckthorn oil, which is used to lubricate the vaginal mucosa.
- Douching with herbal decoctions (chamomile, rose hips, rosemary, sage, oak bark). Douching is carried out with warm, never hot, water.
- Tampons soaked in a solution of propolis and honey. Grind a small piece of propolis and melt it in a steam bath. When it cools down, add a little honey. Soak tampons in this liquid and place them in the vagina for two hours, twice a day.
If we talk about how to treat colpitis in women, we should mention herbal infusions that are taken orally:
- Pour boiling water over valerian, lemon balm and nettle at a ratio of 1:1:1, leave for one night, then drink a quarter of a glass before meals.
- Pour 20 grams of thigh meat with 300 ml of boiling water, boil for 10 - 15 minutes and leave. Drink the decoction every two to three hours. You can add honey.
- Pour one tablespoon of St. John's wort and millennium with water and bring to a boil. Drink 1 spoon before meals.
Colpitis in women is a rather insidious disease. Ignoring treatment can cause negative consequences. Therefore, you should always be on alert and immediately consult a doctor at the slightest symptoms.
Colpitis in men
Colpitis is a female disease, so it cannot develop in men with all its symptoms. However, representatives of the stronger sex are carriers of the pathogens of this disease. Most often, Trichomonas, chlamydia, ureaplasma and other pathogenic bacteria live in the urethra of men. They cause colpitis in women.
Symptoms of the disease may be absent or appear to a minor extent:
- Redness on the genitals, swelling.
- Painful urination.
- Curdled discharge.
Therefore, if colpitis is detected in women, treatment, as well as the diagnosis itself, is prescribed to both partners. The best way to identify pathogenic bacteria is bacterial culture of the microflora.
Vaginitis during pregnancy
Vaginitis is a side effect of infections such as chlamydia, trichomoniasis, ureoplasmosis, candidiasis, etc. Pathogenic bacteria displace healthy flora, causing inflammation of the mucous membranes. If the inflammation is not treated in time, it can spread to the uterus and appendages, which is especially dangerous during pregnancy.
Penetrating into the uterus, the infection affects the placenta, making it more vulnerable. The result is premature birth, miscarriages in the early stages and miscarriage in later stages. Sometimes the infection that develops along with vaginitis penetrates the placenta to the fetus. In this case, the child (if it is a girl) may become infected and various developmental pathologies may occur.
Treating the disease during pregnancy is quite difficult. Strong drugs are prohibited, and weak ones do not always give results. Therefore, traditional medicine methods will be effective.
Do not forget about proper and balanced nutrition, a complex of multivitamins and stimulation of the immune system. You should also lead a healthy lifestyle and avoid stressful situations.
Vaginitis in pregnant women can be identified by general symptoms - itching, discharge with an odor, pain in the lower abdomen. Of course, such signs can indicate many different diseases that gynecology deals with. Colpitis, however, is the most common. Therefore, any abnormal discharge should always alert a woman.
Age-related colpitis
Optionally, inflammation of the vagina can be caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Often the cause of the disease is hormonal imbalance, reduced immunity, or a course of antibiotics.
Women over forty are at risk. Due to the restructuring of the body and menopause, the vaginal flora also becomes vulnerable.
The main symptom of age-related colpitis is purulent discharge with an unpleasant odor. Heaviness and pain in the lower abdomen may also be observed.
Treatment of the disease is carried out with a course of antibiotics and immunostimulating drugs. Vitamins and medications are required to correct hormonal levels.
Vaginitis in children
Colpitis is an insidious disease that even children are susceptible to. Most often, the reasons for the appearance are the following:
- Lack of personal hygiene or improper washing of the child, in which intestinal bacteria enter the vaginal mucosa.
- Allergy to detergents, creams, linen.
- Long-term use of antibiotics and other strong drugs.
- In rare cases, vaginitis can be caused by worms.
- Foreign objects in the vagina.
The disease is often accompanied by inflammation of the external genitalia. In this case, a pediatric gynecologist can diagnose vulvovaginitis. The disease, in the absence of timely treatment, leads to infertility. At risk are girls who often suffer from sore throat, ARVI, cough, diseases of the genitourinary system, and dysbacteriosis. In a word, children with weakened immune systems.
Symptoms of colpitis in children:
- Redness and itching of the genitals.
- Discharge.
- Pain in the genital area.
- Painful urination.
In addition to medications, treatment of the disease necessarily includes immunostimulating agents, as well as topical antiseptics.
Prevention of colpitis
It is better to prevent any disease in a timely manner than to treat it. In addition to the fact that diseases can recur, causing complications, they also have a significant impact on finances.
The best prevention of infections of the reproductive system is a regular sexual partner and personal hygiene. You also need:
- Regularly undergo examinations by a gynecologist and other specialists.
- For casual sex, use a condom.
- Use only proven intimate cosmetics, as well as high-quality natural lingerie.
- Lead a healthy lifestyle, take vitamins and maintain immunity.
- Do not self-medicate and consult a doctor promptly.
Conclusion
There is probably no person on earth who has not encountered some kind of disease at least once in his life. Sexually transmitted infections have become especially common lately. This is all due to the fact that teenagers begin to become sexually active too early and do not always think about its consequences.
One of the serious diseases is colpitis in women. Representatives of both sexes should know the symptoms and causes. Although the disease is female, the pathogen is also found in men. Timely consultation with a doctor will help to avoid many negative consequences, including infertility.
